Humans punish selfishly but also altruistically. Seymour, Singer and Dolan propose a neurobiological model of punishment based on our understanding of motivational systems, observational studies ...

This basic motivational model presumes that we are rational actors. We exert effort inasmuch as we have learned and come to predict that the payoffs will be greater than the investments.

This basic motivational model presumes that we are rational actors. We exert effort inasmuch as we have learned and come to predict that the payoffs will be greater than the investments.

By conducting a detailed analysis of the momentary behavior of rats lever-pressing for food in either a hungry or a sated state, we delineate the basic building blocks necessary for a model of on-line ...