"Clock protein controls daily cycle of gene expression by regulating chromosome loops." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 February 2018. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2018 / 02 / 180209131427.htm>.

To prepare the 46 chromosomes of a human cell for transport to the daughter cells during cell division, each chromosome forms a compact X-shaped structure with two rod-like copies.

"A new twist: The molecular machines that loop our chromosomes also twist DNA." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 December 2024. <www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2024 / 12 / 241213140624.htm>.

News Release 18-Apr-2025 Dynamic R-loops at centromeres ensure chromosome alignment during oocyte meiotic divisions in mice Peer-Reviewed Publication Science China Press image: Fig. 1.

Chromosomes are long, string-like structures made up of DNA, RNA and proteins. A chromosome must fold into a loop in order to fit into the nucleus of a cell.

“The epigenetic state of chromatin, gene activity and chromosomal positions are interrelated in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, chromosome arms are DNA-hypomethylated and enriched with the ...

The mother's karyotype is 46, XX, inv (9) (q22.1q34.3). Her chromosomes 9 differ in that the #9 with tie inversion has some heterochromatin in the short arm as a normal variant.

However, compaction isn't enough. Cells also need to regulate the chromosome structure to enable its function. For example, when genetic information needs to be accessed, the DNA is locally read off.