The immediate changes caused by forest fire in the beetle fauna were studied at three sites in boreal coniferous forest in Finland. In general the number of individuals and species increased after ...

In addition to deciduous trees, forests also have native coniferous, or “evergreen,” species. The thin needles or scales of conifers do not accumulate much snowfall and are less vulnerable to ...

There were few studies on soil fungi. The flora and fauna characteristic of old-growth forests are associated with old or dead trees. Such species are rare or absent in forests in commercial use.