For example cats, dogs and lions. Predators Kill for food. They are either secondary or tertiary consumers. Prey The animals that predators feed on. Scavengers Feed on dead animals. For example ...

Trophic cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance survival of the next lower trophic level ... For example, Jackson (1997) has argued ...

Because heterotrophs such as animals do not assimilate ... species do not easily fall into trophic levels but rather occur in a staggered hierarchy. For example, the megalopteran could be ...

Each step is called a trophic level: producers are on the first trophic level 1, primary consumers are 2nd trophic ... do not take the organism’s size into account. For example, if the producer ...