Even the oldest and most stable of lithospheric structures can’t withstand geologic machinations deep within the Earth.

Gigantic hidden fortresses discovered 1,800 miles underground in Earth's mantle, rewrite how the planet's interior works.

Heat flow in the Sea of Japan / Masashi Yasui [and others] -- Temperature profiles for the continental and oceanic crust / E.A. Lubimova -- Terrestrial heat flow in India / R.K. Verma and Hari Narain ...

image: A schematic diagram showing remnants of the early Cenozoic Pacific lower mantle flow beneath the Philippine Sea Plate. The white bars and grey dashed lines denote remnants of the Pacific ...