People with recurrent infections are at higher risk of complications. The C. diff bacteria can produce toxins that irritate ...

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI ... with positive samples then confirmed using a toxin(s) test, to distinguish toxinogenic from nontoxinogenic CDI. Although metronidazole and vancomycin ...

Toxin-antitoxin systems were discovered in the 1980s in connection with plasmids, or genetic material that moves between bacteria. Bacteria exchange this DNA in all manner of ways. Pili, hair-like ...

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling protects the intestinal mucosa from injury induced by Clostridium difficile toxins, according to the results of a study published in Gastroenterology.