Furthermore, high-precision measurements of tune-out wavelengths – where the net energy shift cancels – serve as sensitive probes of atomic polarizability and retardation effects, offering ...

For example, a helium atom has an atomic mass of 4, but an atomic number (or positive charge) of 2. Since electrons have almost no mass, it seemed that something besides the protons in the nucleus ...

The researchers had previously measured muonic helium-4 and, a few years ago, the atomic nucleus of muonic hydrogen and deuterium. Muonic helium-3: Twice as slimmed-down.

The primary plasma constituents are hydrogen and helium and their isotopes and the molecules and molecular ions may be in rovibrationally or electronically excited states. For a complete description ...

Novel calculations have enabled the study of nearly 700 isotopes between helium and iron, showing which nuclei can exist and which cannot. Scientists report how they simulated for the first time ...