Formative assessment plays a central role in effective teaching. It is not something done at the end of instruction, but ...

Angelo and Cross (book available in CTE library) have written extensively on formative classroom techniques. Summative assessment is used to understand student learning at the end of a class or ...

It is the use of the assessment that makes it formative. If evidence of student achievement is not used to adapt instruction or to give feedback to students to improve their learning, it is summative.